Kerberose authentication in rhel

Kerberose authentication

To use kerberose authentication we need to set up server with all the needed principle and their passwords.and we must configure the client to use the proper kerberpse server as needed.

Server Configuration

server:virtual19.virtual.com
IP:192.168.100.19

client:virtual21.virtual.com
IP:192.168.100.21

Packages needed are

yum install -y krb5-server
yum install -y krb5-libs
yum install -y readline-devel

vim /etc/krb5.conf

[logging]
default = FILE:/var/log/krb5libs.log
kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log
admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmind.log

[libdefaults]
default_realm = VIRTUAL.COM
dns_lookup_realm = false
dns_lookup_kdc = false
ticket_lifetime = 24h
renew_lifetime = 7d
forwardable = true

[realms]
VIRTUAL.COM = {
kdc = virtual19.virtual.com
admin_server = virtual19.virtual.com
}

[domain_realm]
virtual19.virtual.com = VIRTUAL.COM
virtual21.virtual.com = VIRTUAL.COM

[appdefault]
validate=true

vim /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kdc.conf

[kdcdefaults]
kdc_ports = 88
kdc_tcp_ports = 88

[realms]
VIRTUAL.COM = {
master_key_type = aes256-cts
default_principle_flags = +preauth
acl_file = /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
dict_file = /usr/share/dict/words
admin_keytab = /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kadm5.keytab
supported_enctypes = aes256-cts:normal aes128-cts:normal des3-hmac-sha1:normal arcfour-hmac:normal des-hmac-sha1:normal des-cbc-md5:normal des-cbc-crc:normal
}

kdb5_util create -r VIRTUAL.COM -s

kadmin.local

kadmin:  listprincs
kadmin:  addprinc root/admin
kadmin:  ktadd -k /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kadm5.keytab kadmin/admin

kadmin:  ktadd -k /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kadm5.keytab kadmin/changepw

kadmin:  addprinc -randkey host/virtual19.virtual.com

kadmin:  ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab host/virtual19.virtual.com

vim /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
*/admin@VIRTUAL.COM     *

service krb5kdc restart
chkconfig krb5kdc on
service kadmin restart
chkconfig kadmin on

----------------------------------------------------------
Client side configuration
----------------------------------------------------------

copy the /etc/krb5.conf from server to client

authconfig-tui

select the kerberised password authentication then they will ask for kdc and krb5 server and releam name to which we need to enter the correct entry .When closing the utils the system will configure itself for connection to kerberose server

Now we need to add that machine to kerberose server database

kadmin
kadmin:  addprinc -randkey host/virtual21.virtual.com
kadmin:  ktadd -k /etc/krb5.keytab host/virtual21.virtual.com

now the client machine is added to server and now the tickets will be issued as normal and to check that
klist to list the tickets got from server

-------------------------------------------------------------------.

Now adding nis user to kerberose

At server make a principle for the nis users and that is it

kadmin.local

kadmin:  addprinc nisuser1

now will be prompted for kerberose password which at client will enable the user to login as user using kerberised security .

NIS server-client configuration

NIS Network Information System is one of the centralized way to use the user through-out the network.

At Server
Install the nis server package

----->yum install -y ypserv

Add the needed users ,make sure that u give an uid that is normally not used ..go for 5000 + uids here i will be using ids at range of 6000 . This is may to avoid confilt with the local user uids

----->useradd -u 60000 nisuser1
----->passwd nisuser1
----->useradd -u 60001 nisuser2
----->passwd nisuser2

Give the nisdoamin name in /etc/sysconfig/network and we can make nis services use the port we say by giving following arguments

---->echo "
    NISDOMAIN=virtual19
    YPSERV_ARGS="-p 900"
    YPPASSWRD_ARGS="-p 901"
    YPXFRD_ARGS="-p 902"
    " >> /etc/sysconfig/network

the -p argument will make the service use that port

Now to make the master nis server
----->service ypserv restart

----->/usr/lib64/yp/ypinit -m

will make the nis server and and make the needed changes

to make those changes permanent

------>make -C /var/yp

------>service ypserv restart

we can check the users by
getent passwd

-----------------------------
AT Client
-----------------------------

we neet to configure the authconfig-tui to nis

------->authconfig-tui

Now a window will be opened and we need to select the nis option,system will automatically start the needed service..you will be asked the nisdomain name and server ip  we should provide that and when the window close the clinet configuration is complete

Now at client side if we do
------->getent passwd

we would be able to see the users...
to just see the nis users we need to use ypcat

------->ypcat passwd
this will only show the nis uses from passwd file

switch to the user just like we switch to normal users

at client ------->su nisuser1

Basically nis is not that much secure we can make its client restriction in file /var/yp/securenets .the ips or network given in that file only will have entry to nis server

To change passwd of the user from client we need to use yppasswdd sevice at server and same command at client side.

More about DNS and Security in Zone sharing

More about DNS

Bogus servers which give wrong information can be blocked or to make our server not to accept any information from them

server IP {bogus yes ;};

we can also create blackhole in dns where the server will not even acknowledge the other ip

blackhole {ips;};

version bind
this can be used to make the details of dns version IE bind version safe from the outsider

version "INFORMATION ....";

chrooting the bind

By installing the bind-chroot the dns configuration file will be moved to space where only root and named group has permission to edit those files

Making DNS Zone sharing safe

we could share a key between slave and master to make sure that update are send to only correct slaves.
This method in called TSIG transaction signature configuration

1.first start from client making the key
----->dnssec-keygen -a hmac-md5 -b 128 -n HOST virtual_key

----->cat Kvirtual_key.+157+56451.private

Private-key-format: v1.3
Algorithm: 157 (HMAC_MD5)
Key: yzkKqIIa4sUPXm+Oz7VNgg==
Bits: AAA=
Created: 20121022004959
Publish: 20121022004959
Activate: 20121022004959

**copy the key part and create a key file as follows
------->vim /etc/rndc.key
key "virtual_key"
{
algorithm HMAC-MD5;
secret "yzkKqIIa4sUPXm+Oz7VNgg==";
};

------->chgrp named /etc/rndc.key

**inside /etc/named.conf add

include "/etc/rndc.key" ;

server 192.168.100.1 {
keys { virtual_key ; };
};

**and
allow-transfer { key virtul_key ;};

this forces the client to use the key we generate..

Now copy the rndc.key file to server

change the group to named at server

and include the file to /etc/named.conf and give allow-transfer at needed zones to make it more secure

at server /etc/named.conf

include "/etc/rndc.key" ;

allow-transfer { key virtual_key ;};

----------------------------------------------------------------------
master configuration

----------------------------------------------------------------------

//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
acl "example" { 192.168.122.0/24 ; 127/8 ; };
acl "virtual" { 192.168.100.0/24 ; 127/8 ; };

include "/etc/rndc.key" ;

options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; example ; virtual ;};
# listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
allow-query { localhost; example; virtual; };
allow-transfer { key virtual_key ;};
recursion yes;
# dnssec-enable yes;
# dnssec-validation yes;
# dnssec-lookaside auto;
/* Path to ISC DLV key */
bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
};

logging {
channel default_debug {
file "data/named.run";
severity dynamic;
};
};

view mixed {
match-clients { 192.168.122.2; 192.168.100.1; };

zone "example.com" IN {
type master;
file "forward.zone";
allow-update { none; };

};
zone "122.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "reverse.zone";
allow-update { none; };
};

zone "virtual.com" IN {
type master;
file "forwardvir.zone";

allow-update { none; };
};
zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "reversevir.zone";
allow-update { none; };
};

};

view internal {
match-clients { example; };
zone "example.com" IN {
type master;
file "forward.zone";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "122.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "reverse.zone";
allow-update { none; };
};
};

view external {
match-clients { virtual; };
zone "virtual.com" IN {
type master;
file "forwardvir.zone";
allow-update {none; };

};
zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "reversevir.zone";
allow-update {none ;};
};

};

#include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
slave configuration
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//

include "/etc/rndc.key" ;

server 192.168.100.1 {
keys { virtual_key ; };
};

options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 192.168.100.0/24 ;};
# listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
allow-query { localhost;192.168.100.0/24; };
allow-transfer { key virtul_key ;};
recursion yes;
# dnssec-enable yes;
# dnssec-validation yes;
# dnssec-lookaside auto;
/* Path to ISC DLV key */
bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
};

logging {
channel default_debug {
file "data/named.run";
severity dynamic;
};
};

view external {
match-clients { 192.168.100.0/24; };
allow-transfer { key virtual_key ;};
zone "virtual.com" IN {
type slave;
file "slaves/forwardvir.zone";
masters {192.168.100.1 ; };
#allow-update {none;};
};
zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type slave;

file "slaves/reversevir.zone";
masters {192.168.100.1 ; };
#allow-update {none;};
};

};

DNS Master Slave Configuration

1.Master and slave configuration
2.acl setting
3.view setting

For making the Dns a Master dns server we give the type master and for making that slave we give type slaves. And by defaults in slaves the files will be copied from master to slaves defautl /var/named/slaves/ directory.
 
Acl setting acl setting is used to group a set of networks or individual ip's under a single name.

View setting is used to isolate the dns zones for a specific network as per acl or given ip's.we could give the ip's or network or acl which has access to the view in match-client {;}; option inside the view option .


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MASTERS-configuration file
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
acl "example" { 192.168.122.0/24 ; 127/8 ;  };
acl "virtual" { 192.168.100.0/24 ; 127/8 ;  };
options {
    listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; example ; virtual ;};
#    listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
    directory     "/var/named";
    dump-file     "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
    allow-query     { localhost; example; virtual; };
    recursion yes;

#    dnssec-enable yes;
#    dnssec-validation yes;
#    dnssec-lookaside auto;

    /* Path to ISC DLV key */
    bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
};

logging {
        channel default_debug {
                file "data/named.run";
                severity dynamic;
        };
};


view mixed {
match-clients { 192.168.122.2; 192.168.100.1; };
zone "example.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "forward.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
    
};
 zone "122.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "reverse.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

zone "virtual.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "forwardvir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
 zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "reversevir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

};

view internal {
match-clients { example; };
zone "example.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "forward.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
 zone "122.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "reverse.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
};

view external {
match-clients { virtual; };
zone "virtual.com" IN {
        type master;
        file "forwardvir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
 zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "reversevir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

};

#i:nclude "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";



-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLAVES-configuration file

In salves the zones will have the entry
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
options {
        listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; 192.168.100.0/24 ;};
#       listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
        directory       "/var/named";
        dump-file       "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
        allow-query     { localhost; 192.168.100.0/24 ; };
        recursion yes;

#       dnssec-enable yes;
#       dnssec-validation yes;
#       dnssec-lookaside auto;

        /* Path to ISC DLV key */
        bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
};

logging {
        channel default_debug {
                file "data/named.run";
                severity dynamic;
        };
};

view external {
match-clients { 192.168.100.0/24; };
zone "virtual.com" IN {
        type slave;
        masters { 192.168.100.1 ; };
        file "slaves/forwardvir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};
 zone "100.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type slave;
        masters { 192.168.100.1 ; };
        file "slaves/reversevir.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

};

Setting sendmail as default

alternatives --display mta
yum install sendmail
service postfix stop
chkconfig postfix off
vim /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
disable the line starting with DEAMON like below
dnl # DEAMON
make -C /etc/mail
alternatives --set Mta /usr/sbin/sendmail
service sendmail start
service sendmail restart
chkconfig sendmail on

Apache + SSL = https

Here all my package are place in /apache directory

cd /apache
echo "Switching OFF httpd"
sleep 2

service httpd stop
chkconfig httpd off

echo "Installing needed packages..."
sleep 2

yum install -y pcre*
yum install -y gcc*
yum install -y libtool
yum install -y mod_ssl
yum install -y openssl*
yum install -y libxml*

updatedb

echo "Untaring apache..."
sleep 2

tar zxvf httpd-2.4.3.tar.gz
tar zxvf apr-1.4.6.tar.gz
tar zxvf apr-util-1.4.1.tar.gz

cd /apache

echo "Moving APR to directories..."
sleep 2

mv apr-1.4.6 /apache/httpd-2.4.3/srclib/apr
mv apr-util-1.4.1 /apache/httpd-2.4.3/srclib/apr-util

mkdir -p /http
cd httpd-2.4.3
echo "Compiling Apache..."
sleep 2
./configure --prefix=/http/ --enable-module=so --enable-rewrite=shared --with-included-apr --enable-cgi --enable-ssl

echo "Installing Apache..."
make
make install

echo "INSTALLATION COMPLETED...."
sleep 2
echo "Time for manual configuration..."
sleep 2

echo "Creating the SSL certificate and key"
sleep 2
openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
echo "Copying the files to /http/conf"
sleep 2
cp server * /http/conf

echo "configure the ssl in apache"
gedit /http/conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

we should edit the ssl conf file to correct certificate and key file

echo "
#SSLEngine on
#SSLCertificateFile
#SSLCertificateKeyFile
" >> /http/conf/httpd.conf
tail -n 7 /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf >> /http/conf/httpd.conf
gedit /http/conf/httpd.conf


in httpd conf file we need to give the above 3 lines and path to certificate and key .we need to check whether the module is loaded or hashed ,if hashed we need to un hash it
the a proper service restart will ask for password

/http/bin/apachectl restart

NFS Sharing

Network File System Sharing is used for sharing the files/directory all through the network

port 2049

files used are
rpc.nfsd
rpc.mountd
rpc.lockd
rpc.statd
rpc.rquotandd

@ /usr/sbin
/etc/init.d/nfs
/etc/init.d/nfslock
/etc/exports

1.Server --- place from which we need to share the directory

---->yum install -y nfs-utils*
---->service nfs restart
---->chkconfig nfs on
---->vim /etc/exports

In this file we say about files we need to share ,the mode in which the files are to shared and network to which the files are to be shared

eg:
/nfs 192.168.0.0/24(ro)
/nfs 192.168.122.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync)
/nfs 192.168.122.0/24(ro)
some of the modes in which directories can be shared are
crossmnt
no_subtree_check
root_squarch


---->exportfs -r

----****we should set the proper context ,sebool and setfacl for needed user

---->getsebool -a | grep nfs

this will list the needed Boolean we must set it according to the needs

---->setfacl -m u:nfsnobody:rwx /nfs

this will allow the nfsnobody user to use the /nfs directory this is needed if we are giving the write option to the directory

if more problems occur while sharing the directory we should also check the context for selinux or disable the selinux


showmount -e 192.168.0.1
will list the all the nfs shared directory by the server 192.168.0.1

2.Client --- where we will mount the shared directories
there are multiple ways to mount the directory

---->yum install -y nfs*
---->service nfs restart
---->chkconfig nfs on

a.every shared folders will be available at /net every time as readonly type we use that as following ,for first example of sharing

---->cd /net
---->cd 192.168.0.1 cd nfs


b.We can also mount the directory by simple mount command
mount nfs://192.168.0.1/nfs /data

one of the main default of this system is that if we give the entry for mount in fstab and server goes down and if we restart the client ,the client will have boot break to over come this problem we use autofs mounting systems


c.using autofs mounting system

here first we will edit /etc/auto.master file

---->vim /etc/auto.master

/data /etc/auto.nfs

---->vim /etc/auto.nfs

nfs -rw 192.168.122.1:/nfs

----->service autofs reload
----->chkconfig autofs on

here after reloading the autofs service we could browse to that folder
---->cd /data
---->cd nfs
---->ls

Samba Sharing

Samba sharing use for sharing between linux and windows machines

port 137,139,138,445

configuration file /etc/samba/smb.conf

samba sharing can be of two types public and non public with username and passwd

1.public sharing

vim /etc/samba/smb.conf

74 workgroup = MYGROUP
75 server string = Samba Server Version %v

79 interfaces = lo eth0 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24
80 hosts allow = 127. 192.168.12. 192.168.13.

last 8 lines
[public]
comment = Public Stuff
path = /smb
public = yes
writable = yes
printable = no
write list = +staff
browseable = no


here work group must be capital
server string is the name by which we select the sambaserver
interfaces as per needed
hosts allowed as per needed
later the share name in square bracket its the name by which we select the samba share from the server
path path to the directory
public yes for the public connection
browseable yes to enable browsing




here we are sharing the /smb directory,we should set the context,sebool and setfacl as need
---->chcon -t samba_share_t /smb
---->setfacl -m u:nobody:rwx /smb
and give needed sebool
getsebool -a | grep smb
getsebool -a | grep samba



2.Non public sharing

for a non public sharing the public tag should be no and we should add following tags from lines 252 to last part

valid users = ram

and we need to setfacl for ram to the directory /smb
---->setfacl -m u:ram:rwx /smb

and we need to give smbpasswd

smbpasswd -a ram
smbpasswd -e ram

-a for adding the user to samba users and -e to enable the samba passwd



we could see the hosted samba server by
smbclient -L 192.168.122.1 <---------IP of server

client part
1.public
smbclient -L 192.168.122.1

smbclient //server_string/sharename

2.Non public users

smbclient //server_string/sharename -U username

FTP sharing

File Sharing Protocol

ports used

ftp-data 20/tcp

ftp-data 20/udp

ftp 21/tcp

ftp 21/udp

files are /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

We have two type of access modes anonymous and user mode

In anonymous we can enter without password & in user mode we should enter password to get access

In anonymous we mode we will be sharing /var/ftp/pub directory & in usermode we will be sharing coresponding users home directory

In anonymous mode users will normally have only read permission if we need to give write permission we need to create a directory inside the /var/ftp and change the context to public_content_rw_t and set the acl of that directory to ftp user to enable anonymous user entry we need to enable following lines as yes

anonymous_enable=YES

write_enable=YES anon_upload_enable=YES

anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES

give the write permission as per need we need to set the sebool also to get it right

getseboot-a | grep ftp

 

To enable user mode entry just set no to all the anonymous settings and set yes to

local_enable=YES and we need to set needed sebool getsebool -a | grep ftp

Bash Terminal shortcuts

Bash Shortcuts Quick Reference
Ctrl-a	Move to the start of the line.
Ctrl-e	Move to the end of the line.
Ctrl-b	Move back one character.
Alt-b	Move back one word.
Ctrl-f	Move forward one character.
Alt-f	Move forward one word.
Ctrl-] x	Where x is any character, moves the cursor forward to the next occurance of x.
Alt-Ctrl-] x	Where x is any character, moves the cursor backwards to the previous occurance of x.
Ctrl-u	Delete from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
Ctrl-k	Delete from the cursor to the end of the line.
Ctrl-w	Delete from the cursor to the start of the word.
Esc-Del	Delete previous word (may not work, instead try Esc followed by Backspace)
Ctrl-y	Pastes text from the clipboard.
Ctrl-l	Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
Ctrl-x Ctrl-u	Undo the last changes. Ctrl-_ does the same
Alt-r	Undo all changes to the line.
Alt-Ctrl-e	Expand command line.
Ctrl-r	Incremental reverse search of history.
Alt-p	Non-incremental reverse search of history.
!!	Execute last command in history
!abc	Execute last command in history beginning with abc
!abc:p	Print last command in history beginning with abc
!n	Execute nth command in history
!$	Last argument of last command
!^	First argument of last command
^abc^xyz	Replace first occurance of abc with xyz in last command and execute it